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The synthesis of 4,4′‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4H,4′H‐2,2′‐spirobi[benzo[d][1,3,2]dioxagermine] (1) and 4,4′,8,8′‐tetra‐tert‐butyl‐4H,4′H‐2,2′‐spirobi[benzo[d][1,3,2]dioxagermine] (2) being the first representatives of spirocyclic germanium salicyl alcoholates is reported. The reaction of these compounds with potassium fluoride in the presence of 18‐crown‐6 gives the alkoxido fluorido germanates [K(CH2CH2O‐)6][GeF{OC6H4(CHtBuO)‐2}2] (3) and [K(CH2CH2O–)6][GeF{OC6H3(CHtBuO)‐2‐tBu‐6}2] (4). All compounds are characterized including single crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy [1H, 13C{1H}, 1H–13C{1H} heteronuclear single quantum coherence, and 19F (3 and 4)], infrared spectroscopy, and thermal analyzes. Single crystal X‐ray diffraction analyzes unveil a change of chirality in the salicyl alcoholate moieties of 3 with respect to the dominant (≈66%) stereoisomer of 1 upon crystallization as a result of fluoride‐induced ligand exchange equilibria. Reactivity studies of the compounds 1 and 2 are discussed in comparison with structurally related silicon‐based twin monomers.
Rwanda is among the fastest‐growing economies in Sub‐Saharan Africa, often discussed in the context of a ‘development state’. This paper examines whether Rwanda can be classified as a ‘developmental dictatorship’, a term closely associated with South Korea. It compares Rwanda's development under Paul Kagame (2000–2024) with South Korea's under Park Chung‐hee (1963–1979). Although both countries share similarities in their developmental preconditions and the motivations of their leaders, their policies differ significantly. Park Chung‐hee focused on industrialization through Five‐Year Plans, whereas Kagame emphasizes creating favourable business conditions. Consequently, South Korea has achieved significant wealth, whereas Rwanda remains a Less Developed Country, though both exemplify successful ‘developmental dictatorships’.
Emerging research on followership has overwhelmingly been focused on for‐profit organizations. This research investigates four British congregations from different Christian denominations to explore how differing contexts shape the understanding of followership in nonprofit organizations. Using implicit followership theory, we analyze the value sets deriving from theological‐ideological, institutional, and local contexts and explore informants' perceptions of ideal followership attributes. By conducting 26 semi‐structured interviews with three different types of actors, we found that church members found themselves in a dialectic relationship between institutional norms and local settings, which shape the way followership is perceived. In terms of follower attributes, we identified faith‐related and ethical as well as relational attributes to be prevalent. With this research, we advance current understandings of how effective leader‐follower relationships in nonprofit organizations can be formed highlighting the importance of differing contexts for perceiving the role of followers.
